Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām — Volume 1

مَا أَخْبَرَنِي بِهِ اَلشَّيْخُ أَيَّدَهُ اَللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ اَلْحَسَنِ بْنِ أَبَانٍ عَنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ عَنْ عُثْمَانَ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ سَمَاعَةَ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ يَنَامُ وَ هُوَ سَاجِدٌ قَالَ «يَنْصَرِفُ وَ يَتَوَضَّأُ».

Narrated to me by Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, from Ahmad bin Muhammad, from his father, from Al-Husayn bin Al-Hasan bin Aban, from Al-Husayn bin Sa‘id, from ‘Uthman bin ‘Isa, from Sama‘ah, who said: I asked Abu Abdullah (a.s) about a man who sleeps while he is in a state of prostration (sujood). Imam (a.s) said: "He should get up, leave, and perform ablution (wudu’)."

وَ بِهَذَا اَلْإِسْنَادِ عَنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ عَنْ حَمَّادٍ عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ أُذَيْنَةَ وَ حَرِيزٍ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ عَنْ أَحَدِهِمَا عَلَيْهِمَا اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ:« لا يَنْقُضُ اَلْوُضُوءَ إِلاَّ مَا خَرَجَ مِنْ طَرَفَيْكَ أَوِ اَلنَّوْمُ».

And through the same chain of transmission, from Al-Husayn bin Sa‘id, from Hammad, from ‘Umar bin Udhaynah and Hariz, from Zurara, from one of the Imams (a.s), who said: "Ablution (wudu’) is not nullified except by what exits from your two private parts or by sleep."

وَأَخْبَرَنِي اَلشَّيْخُ أَيَّدَهُ اَللَّهُ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ اَلْحَسَنِ بْنِ اَلْوَلِيدِ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ يَحْيَى اَلْعَطَّارِ وَأَحْمَدَ بْنِ إِدْرِيسَ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ يَحْيَى عَنْ عِمْرَانَ بْنِ مُوسَى عَنِ اَلْحَسَنِ بْنِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ اَلنُّعْمَانِ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ عَبْدِ اَلْحَمِيدِ بْنِ عَوَّاضٍ[ غَوَّاضٍ] عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ سَمِعْتُهُ يَقُولُ:« مَنْ نَامَ وَ هُوَ رَاكِعٌ أَوْ سَاجِدٌ أَوْ مَاشٍ عَلَى أَيِّ اَلْحَالاَتِ فَعَلَيْهِ اَلْوُضُوءُ».

The Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, narrated to me, from Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Al-Hasan bin Al-Walid, from his father, from Muhammad bin Yahya Al-‘Attar, and Ahmad bin Idris, from Muhammad bin Ahmad bin Yahya, from ‘Imran bin Musa, from Al-Hasan bin ‘Ali bin Al-Nu‘man, from his father, from ‘Abdul-Hamid bin ‘Awad (or Ghawwad, according to another narration), from Abu Abdullah (a.s), who said: I heard Imam (a.s) say: "Whoever sleeps while bowing (in ruku‘), prostrating (in sujood), or walking, in any of these states, then he must perform ablution (wudu’)."

وَ أَخْبَرَنِي اَلشَّيْخُ أَيَّدَهُ اَللَّهُ عَنْ أَبِي اَلْقَاسِمِ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ سَعْدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عُبَيْدِ اَللَّهِ وَ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ بْنِ اَلْمُغِيرَةِ قَالاَ: سَأَلْنَا اَلرِّضَا عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ يَنَامُ عَلَى دَابَّتِهِ فَقَالَ« إِذَا ذَهَبَ اَلنَّوْمُ بِالْعَقْلِ فَلْيُعِدِ اَلْوُضُوءَ».

The Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, narrated to me, from Abu Al-Qasim Ja‘far bin Muhammad, from his father, from Sa‘d bin Abdullah, from Ahmad bin Muhammad bin ‘Isa, from Muhammad bin ‘Ubaydullah and Abdullah bin Al-Mughirah, who both said: We asked Imam Al-Ridha (a.s) about a man who sleeps while (seated) on his mount. Imam (a.s) said: "If sleep overtakes his intellect, then he must repeat the ablution (wudu’)."

وَ بِهَذَا اَلْإِسْنَادِ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ اَلْأَشْعَرِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ:« لاَ يَنْقُضُ اَلْوُضُوءَ إِلاَّ حَدَثٌ وَ اَلنَّوْمُ حَدَثٌ».

And with this chain of narration, from Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Isa, from Muhammad bin Abi Umayr, from Ishaq bin Abdullah al-Ash'ari, from Abu Abdullah (a.s), who said: "Wudu is not nullified except by an occurrence (hadath), and sleep is an occurrence."

فَأَمَّا اَلْخَبَرُ اَلَّذِي رَوَاهُ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ يَحْيَى عَنِ اَلْعَبَّاسِ عَنْ أَبِي شُعَيْبٍ عَنْ عِمْرَانَ بْنِ حُمْرَانَ أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ عَبْداً صَالِحاً يَقُولُ:« مَنْ نَامَ وَ هُوَ جَالِسٌ لاَ يَتَعَمَّدُ اَلنَّوْمَ فَلاَ وُضُوءَ عَلَيْهِ».

As for the narration that was reported by Muhammad bin Ahmad bin Yahya, from al-Abbas, from Abu Shuayb, from Imran bin Humran, that he heard the righteous servant of Allah (swt) say: "Whoever sleeps while sitting, without intending to sleep, then wudu is not required for him."

وَ اَلْخَبَرُ اَلَّذِي رَوَاهُ سَعْدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ اَلْحَكَمِ عَنْ سَيْفِ بْنِ عَمِيرَةَ عَنْ بَكْرِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ اَلْحَضْرَمِيِّ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ هَلْ يَنَامُ اَلرَّجُلُ وَ هُوَ جَالِسٌ فَقَالَ« كَانَ أَبِي يَقُولُ« إِذَا نَامَ اَلرَّجُلُ وَ هُوَ جَالِسٌ مُجْتَمِعٌ فَلَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ وُضُوءٌ وَ إِذَا نَامَ مُضْطَجِعاً فَعَلَيْهِ اَلْوُضُوءُ»».

And the narration that Sa‘d bin Abdullah reported from Ahmad bin Muhammad, from ‘Ali bin Al-Hakam, from Saif bin ‘Amirah, from Bakr bin Abi Bakr Al-Hadhrami, who said: I asked Abu Abdullah (a.s): "Can a man sleep while sitting?" Imam (a.s) said: "My father, (Imam Al Baqir (a.s)) used to say, 'If a man sleeps while sitting upright and gathered (not reclining), then he does not need to perform ablution (wudu’). But if he sleeps while lying down, then he must perform ablution (wudu’).'"

وَ اَلَّذِي يَدُلُّ عَلَى هَذَا اَلتَّأْوِيلِ مَا أَخْبَرَنِي بِهِ اَلشَّيْخُ أَيَّدَهُ اَللَّهُ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ اَلْحَسَنِ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ اَلْحَسَنِ اَلصَّفَّارِ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى وَعَنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ اَلْحَسَنِ بْنِ أَبَانٍ جَمِيعاً عَنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ اَلْفُضَيْلِ عَنْ أَبِي اَلصَّبَّاحِ اَلْكِنَانِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ اَلرَّجُلِ يَخْفِقُ وَ هُوَ فِي اَلصَّلاَةِ فَقَالَ« إِنْ كَانَ لاَ يَحْفَظُ حَدَثاً مِنْهُ إِنْ كَانَ فَعَلَيْهِ اَلْوُضُوءُ وَ إِعَادَةُ اَلصَّلاَةِ وَإِنْ كَانَ يَسْتَيْقِنُ أَنَّهُ لَمْ يُحْدِثْ فَلَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ وُضُوءٌ وَ لاَ إِعَادَةٌ».

And what indicates this interpretation is what the Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, narrated to me, from Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Al-Hasan, from his father, from Muhammad bin Al-Hasan Al-Saffar, from Ahmad bin Muhammad bin ‘Isa, and from Al-Husayn bin Al-Hasan bin Aban, all of them from Al-Husayn bin Sa‘id, from Muhammad bin Al-Fudhayl, from Abu Al-Sabbah Al-Kinani, from Abu Abdullah (a.s), who said: I asked Imam (a.s) about a man who dozes off while in prayer. Imam (a.s) said: "If he does not retain awareness of whether he has nullified his state of purity, then he must perform ablution (wudu’) and repeat the prayer. But if he is certain that he did not nullify his state of purity, then there is no need for him to perform ablution (wudu’) or repeat the prayer."

وَ بِهَذَا اَلْإِسْنَادِ عَنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ عَنِ اِبْنِ أَبِي عُمَيْرٍ عَنِ اِبْنِ أُذَيْنَةَ عَنِ اِبْنِ بُكَيْرٍ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لِأَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى« إِذٰا قُمْتُمْ إِلَى اَلصَّلاٰةِ» مَا يَعْنِي بِذَلِكَ إِذَا قُمْتُمْ إِلَى اَلصَّلاَةِ قَالَ« إِذَا قُمْتُمْ مِنَ اَلنَّوْمِ» قُلْتُ يَنْقُضُ اَلنَّوْمُ اَلْوُضُوءَ فَقَالَ« نَعَمْ إِذَا كَانَ يَغْلِبُ عَلَى اَلسَّمْعِ وَ لاَ يَسْمَعُ اَلصَّوْتَ».

And through the same chain of transmission, from Al-Husayn bin Sa‘id, from Ibn Abi ‘Umayr, from Ibn Udhaynah, from Ibn Bukayr, who said: I said to Abu Abdullah (a.s): "The saying of Allah (swt), the Exalted: 'When you stand for prayer' (Surah Al-Ma'idah 5:6) - what does this mean?" Imam (a.s) said: "It means when you rise from sleep." I asked: "Does sleep nullify ablution (wudu’)?" Imam (a.s) said: "Yes, if it overcomes the hearing, such that one does not hear sound."

وَ بِهَذَا اَلْإِسْنَادِ عَنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ عَنْ فَضَالَةَ عَنْ حُسَيْنِ بْنِ عُثْمَانَ عَنْ عَبْدِ اَلرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ اَلْحَجَّاجِ عَنْ زَيْدٍ اَلشَّحَّامِ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ عَنِ اَلْخَفْقَةِ وَ اَلْخَفْقَتَيْنِ فَقَالَ« مَا أَدْرِي مَا اَلْخَفْقَةِ وَ اَلْخَفْقَتَيْنِ إِنَّ اَللَّهَ تَعَالَى يَقُولُ« بَلِ اَلْإِنْسٰانُ عَلىٰ نَفْسِهِ بَصِيرَةٌ» إِنَّ عَلِيّاً عَلَيْهِ اَلسَّلاَمُ كَانَ يَقُولُ« مَنْ وَجَدَ طَعْمَ اَلنَّوْمِ فَإِنَّمَا أُوجِبَ عَلَيْهِ اَلْوُضُوءُ»».

And through the same chain of transmission, from Al-Husayn bin Sa‘id, from Fadalah, from Husayn bin ‘Uthman, from ‘Abdul-Rahman bin Al-Hajjaj, from Zayd Al-Shahham, who said: I asked Abu Abdullah (a.s) about a light doze or two. Imam (a.s) said, "I do not know what is meant by a ‘light doze or two’. Allah (swt), the Exalted, says: 'But man, against himself, will be a witness' (Surah Al-Qiyamah 75:14). And Imam Ali (a.s) used to say, 'Whoever feels the sensation of sleep, then ablution (wudu’) is obligatory upon him.'"

وَ بِهَذَا اَلْإِسْنَادِ عَنِ اَلْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ عَنْ حَمَّادٍ عَنْ حَرِيزٍ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لَهُ اَلرَّجُلُ يَنَامُ وَ هُوَ عَلَى وُضُوءٍ أَ تُوجِبُ اَلْخَفْقَةُ وَ اَلْخَفْقَتَانِ عَلَيْهِ اَلْوُضُوءَ فَقَالَ« يَا زُرَارَةُ قَدْ تَنَامُ اَلْعَيْنُ وَ لاَ يَنَامُ اَلْقَلْبُ وَ اَلْأُذُنُ فَإِذَا نَامَتِ اَلْعَيْنُ وَ اَلْأُذُنُ وَ اَلْقَلْبُ فَقَدْ وَجَبَ اَلْوُضُوءُ» قُلْتُ فَإِنْ حُرِّكَ إِلَى جَنْبِهِ شَيْءٌ وَ لَمْ يَعْلَمْ بِهِ قَالَ« لاَ حَتَّى يَسْتَيْقِنَ أَنَّهُ قَدْ نَامَ حَتَّى يَجِيءَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ أَمْرٌ بَيِّنٌ وَ إِلاَّ فَإِنَّهُ عَلَى يَقِينٍ مِنْ وُضُوئِهِ وَ لاَ يَنْقُضُ اَلْيَقِينَ أَبَداً بِالشَّكِّ وَ لَكِنْ يَنْقُضُهُ بِيَقِينٍ آخَرَ».

And through the same chain of transmission, from Al-Husayn bin Sa‘id, from Hammad, from Hariz, from Zurara, who said: I said to Imam Abu Abdullah (a.s): "A man sleeps while in a state of ablution - does a light doze or two necessitate ablution (wudu’) for him?" Imam (a.s) said: "O Zurara, the eyes may sleep, but the heart and ears do not. However, when the eyes, ears, and heart all sleep, then ablution becomes obligatory." I asked: "If something is moved next to him, and he does not perceive it, what then?" Imam (a.s) said: "Not until he is certain that he has slept, and until there is clear evidence of it. Otherwise, he remains certain of his state of ablution, and certainty is never nullified by doubt - it is only nullified by another certainty."

وَ أَخْبَرَنِي اَلشَّيْخُ أَيَّدَهُ اَللَّهُ عَنْ أَبِي اَلْقَاسِمِ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ يَعْقُوبَ عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ حَمَّادِ بْنِ عِيسَى عَنْ حَرِيزٍ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ بْنِ أَعْيَنَ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لِأَبِي جَعْفَرٍ وَ أَبِي عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ عَلَيْهِمَا اَلسَّلاَمُ مَا يَنْقُضُ اَلْوُضُوءَ فَقَالاَ« مَا يَخْرُجُ مِنْ طَرَفَيْكَ اَلْأَسْفَلَيْنِ مِنَ اَلدُّبُرِ وَ اَلذَّكَرِ غَائِطٌ أَوْ بَوْلٌ أَوْ مَنِيٌّ أَوْ رِيحٌ وَ اَلنَّوْمُ حَتَّى يُذْهِبَ اَلْعَقْلَ وَ كُلُّ اَلنَّوْمِ يُكْرَهُ إِلاَّ أَنْ تَكُونَ تَسْمَعُ اَلصَّوْتَ».

The Shaykh (Al-Mufid), may Allah (swt) support him, narrated to me, from Abu Al-Qasim Ja‘far bin Muhammad, from Muhammad bin Ya‘qub, from ‘Ali bin Ibrahim, from his father, from Hammad bin ‘Isa, from Hariz, from Zurara bin A‘yan, who said: I asked Abu Ja‘far (a.s) and Abu Abdullah (a.s): "What nullifies ablution (wudu’)?" They (a.s) said: "Whatever exits from your two lower openings - from the anus or the urethra; excrement, urine, semen, wind, and sleep that takes away the intellect. All sleep is disliked unless you can still hear sound."